World Cup Schedule is Essential Part of World Cup Event

Ella Wilson asked:

World cup means thrills, excitement, actions and emotions to a fan. An ardent fan of cricket game eagerly waits for the world cup tournament to begin. Each and every thing related to world cup gives pleasure to fan. There starts developing a cricket environment during the world cup. Cricket lovers all around seem to discuss cricket and cricket and nothing else. As the cricket world cup approaches, fan starts searching for world cup schedule . World cup schedule gives entire information about the timings and venue of matches played in the tournament. It simply helps the fan to adjust their timing of work for viewing cricket.

World cup schedule provides the detailed information of matches of world cup. It organizes the daily routine of fan. It tells the timings and venue of matches, as it will be a daynight affair, or day match. World cup schedule helps fan not to miss out any single match, which is awaited eagerly as it comes after four years. Cricket enthusiasts preserve the world cup schedule carefully to follow every matches of world cup. They manage to get tuned with their TV set at exact time of the match. World cup schedule gives opportunity to some fan to visit the venue and enjoy a holiday while watching the matches. They can plan out their visits accordingly as well.

World cup schedule is not meant to give information to only fan but it is very significant even for players and teams. Team can anticipate and analyze their strength and weaknesses to play with their rivals. They can chalk out strategy by replacing unsuitable player with a strong player. Team as a whole or individual player practices more for competing strong rivals after knowing about the rival they have to play.

There are several sources to help fans to get world cup schedule. They can obtain world cup schedule from newspaper, magazine, radio or television. Websites can be easier source for fan to have world cup schedule. There he can download the list of world cup schedule. It contains all-important information regarding the dates, timings and venue of world cup. Business sectors and companies also comprehend the importance of world cup schedule. So they find it good medium to promote their products through the distribution of world cup schedule.

World cup 2007 is taking place in Caribbean islands of West Indies and every fan is getting hold of world cup schedule. Every fan knows when, where and which match of his favorite team will take place. World cup schedule helps fan accommodating their timings of work. Thinking about the particular match touches fan’s heart that gives mental pleasure to him. World cup schedule helps fan assuming the relative strength of particular team, which makes him anticipate the winner or loser of a particular match.That creates much more curiosity among cricket lovers to watch match till the end.

Every Cricket Fan Wants to Know the World Cup History

Ella Wilson asked:

World cup tournament has a tremendous history. It started in 1975 in England. It’s the biggest tournament in the world of cricket. The first three tournaments in the world cup were known as Prudential Cup with the sponsorship of prudential plc, a known pecuniary services company. It’s a privilege for the players to play for the world cup and players feel proud and lucky to be a part of world cup tournament. They put their best effort to win the glorious cup and hence to be called world champions.

World cup history says that the earlier matches consisted of 60 overs per players and it was played in white uniform with red balls. Earlier the matches were held only during day. Till 1992 World Cup, only 8 teams participated in the tournament.Afterwards, cricket became more and more famous and gradually it was considered a good sport by many countries. Now, in world cup 2007, 16 teams have participated to battle for the cup.

In 1975, England, New Zealand, India, East Africa, Australia, West Indies, Pakistan and Sri Lanka participated in world cup tournament.

In 1979, East Africa was part of the world cup team while in 1983, Zimbabwe made an entry. The same teams took part in the 1987 World Cup. In 1992, South Africa entered in the group to play the world cup and that year 9 teams took part in the tournament. By 1996, the number of teams have increased to 12 with the participation of three more teams in the group. They were UAE, Netherlands and Kenya. But in 1999 world cup, UAE and Netherlands played for the world cup.

As we all know that cricket was born in England and the first three world cup was played here. In 1987, for the first time in the world cup history the tournament was held outside England. World cup 1987 introduced impartial umpires to give more fair decision. World cup matches have contributed more and more records in the cricket’s History. The records in the world cup history consist of most excellent batting strike rate, most run-scorers, top bowlers, best bowling, finest bowling strike rate, main wicket-takers, team totals, lowest team totals, all major catches and maximum individual scores, and actually the most dismissals.

Initially the world cup confined the attention of only few spectators, but gradually it has mesmerized millions of viewers who keenly wait for the tournament. Australia has won the world cup thrice, West Indies twice and India, Sri Lanka and Pakistan have won once. Ever since in the world cup history, Australia has been one of the toughest contenders for the world cup. World cup history has many fascinating records. This is the ninth world cup being held in a caribbean nation called West Indies. Many arrangements have been done to welcome the teams who will again make some new records.

The history of cricket has many more things to unveil which is yet to be known by the fans. You can find many more interesting facts and figures about world cup history from the various sources. Some sources are cricket dedicated sites which will provide you the complete information of this tournament’s history. This history contains many achievements and landmarks made by the players. Some players like Brain Lara, Sachin T

25 Great Ways to Save Money at Disney World

Ryan Wiseman asked:

Believe it or not, you can live it up at Walt Disney World Resort – whether you plan on visiting Disney’s Magic Kingdom, Epcot, Disney-MGM Studios or Disney’s Animal Kingdom – without making a huge dent in your wallet. By planning ahead, seeking out the best online deals and following the money-saving tips listed below, you can enjoy significant savings on your Disney World vacation getaway – without sacrificing any of your family’s comfort or enjoyment.

1. Seek out discount Disney World tickets, budget accommodations convenient to Disney attractions and individually tailored Disney vacation packages before you arrive in Orlando.

2. If possible, plan your Disney World trip during the off-season and you will usually discover significantly lower airfares and hotel/resort rates.

3. If you are staying at a Disney resort, take advantage of complimentary transportation to all Walt Disney World theme parks, water parks and Downtown Disney.

4. Some of the area factory outlet stores such as Orlando Premium Outlets sell Disney merchandise at significantly lower prices than you will find at stores within the Disney World theme parks.

5. Check out some of the free things to do at Disney World such as strolling around Disney’s Boardwalk and Downtown Disney, or hiking through the Disney Wilderness Preserve.

6. Take the family to one of the all-you-can-eat buffets that lie just outside Disney World property such as Bill Wong’s Famous Buffet, Sweet Tomatoes, Boston Lobster Feast, Golden Corral, Ponderosa, Sizzler, Captain Nemo’s Seafood Feast or Angel’s Lobster, Crab & Prime Rib Buffet.

7. If you don’t mind staying off Disney property, you will discover numerous budget motels and hotels (many of which provide complimentary transportation to Disney World theme parks) along Highway 192 in Kissimmee just East of the main entrance to Walt Disney World Resort.

8. Look for free publications such as I Love Orlando magazine, which contain a multitude of discount coupons to Disney area attractions, restaurants and specialty shops.

9. Before you book a hotel or motel, check if they offer guests a complimentary continental or full breakfast each morning.

10. Check out comprehensive online guides to Disney World such as Orlando, Florida Guide for in-depth information on Disney World discount tickets, accommodations and vacation packages.

11. For larger families, reunions or any other get-together at Disney World, it may make better financial sense to look into renting a vacation home, many of which offer enclosed garages, private backyard pools and washer/dryers.

12. If you are visiting one of the Disney World theme parks with young children, don’t forget to bring along a backpack with some snacks or juice boxes.

13. You don’t have to shell out big bucks to stay on Disney World property at one of Disney’s budget all-star resorts – Disney’s All-Star Movies Resort, Disney’s All Star Music Resort and Disney’s All-Star Sports Resort (all of which offer complimentary transportation to Disney theme parks and feature onsite food courts).

14. Instead of spending a fortune at a Disney character breakfast, take your kids to Town Square at Main Street, U.S.A. for autograph and photo opportunities with Disney characters.

15. Choose the appropriate Disney World ticket deal based on your family’s length of stay in Orlando and remember not to overdo things – you will want to schedule time for rest and relaxation during your trip.

16. If you choose to eat at the Disney World theme parks, try to make lunch your big meal of the day when prices are considerably lower than for dinner (especially at Epcot’s World Showcase).

17. Whenever you leave one of Disney World’s theme parks, make sure to get your hand stamped. Then after you rest awhile and enjoy a cheaper dinner off site, you can head back to the park after the crowds have thinned out.

18. You may want to schedule your Walt Disney World vacation around one of Disney’s highly acclaimed annual events and festivals, many of which are included with the price of admission such as the Epcot International Flower & Garden Festival, Star Wars Weekends, Epcot International Food & Wine Festival, Festival of the Seasons, ABC Super Soap Weekend, Festival of the Masters and Holidays Around the World.

19. Carry your own water bottle into the Disney theme park and you can fill it up at any of the abundant water fountains throughout the day.

20. Establish a budget for Disney World souvenirs and stick to your budget (no matter how many cool gifts you see as you stroll through Epcot’s World Showcase!).

21. If you are an AAA or AARP member, take advantage of any special rates or discounts that are available during your Disney World vacation.

22. Many off-site hotels and motels with onsite restaurants offer “Kids Eat Free” deals (one child eats free per paying adult).

23. Purchase such necessities as film and sunscreen before you arrive at Disney World, since prices at the theme parks are more expensive for such items.

24. If you are staying at one of the Disney resorts, take advantage of Disney’s Magical Express, which provides complimentary shuttle service to and from the Orlando International Airport (reservations are required for Disney’s Magical Express).

25. If possible, try to avoid Disney World during holiday weekends and Spring Break when prices are higher and the theme parks are most crowded.

Cricket World Cup Teams Will Vie to be the Best

Ella Wilson asked:

Cricket world cup teams that are taking part in the world cup 2007 have a very tough task in hand. The world cup is one tournament that every test playing nation eagerly looks forward to win. After all, this is the chance for all cricket WorldCup Teams to prove to the rest of the world that they are the champions on the field. The cricket world cup teams participating in the event this year have been preparing for this event in their own unique ways.

Cricket as a game has a wide following among fans, and the numbers of fans are steadily increasing. The World Cup which will be held in the West Indies in 2007 is organized by ICC or International Cricket council. The event is held after every four years and the idea behind is to find out the team that is best in the world. Like all other sport, cricket too is a sport where one can find extremely good teams and also teams that are not so good. These teams are known as minnows.

The history of cricket WorldCup Teams that are participating in the world cup has been a witness to strong teams losing to the so called minnows. What many of the strong cricket world cup teams will have to take care is the fact that they are never caught unawares. The teams should treat each match as an import step towards their quest for wining the cup. They should play each match with a full strength team, unless they have some players with serious injuries.

All cricket WorldCup Teams have a lot at stake and this is the best platform for them to prove to their critics that they are the best. For certain players of cricket world cup teams; this will be their last world cup appearance. It is needless to say that they would like to finish their world cup campaign on a winning note and that too with a big bang. Some world cup teams have been trying various combinations in the matches that they are playing prior to the world cup, in the quest for getting the combo of those perfect eleven players.

Whatever experiments that the cricket world cup teams are doing must be accomplished rather quickly if they want to win the cup. The date for the West Indies World Cup 2007 is fast approaching and all team needs to settle everything before that. While some teams have plenty of talented players and are finding it difficult whom to choose and who to leave behind, some teams are also plagued with injury problems. They are not being able to select the best combination, due to injury concerns.

cricket WorldCup Teams must take care that they reach West Indies a few days before the tournament actually starts. Well, the players need to acclimatize to the conditions and the weather there if they want to have a realistic chance of being successful in the tournament and lifting the cricket world cup. After all, who does not like to be called world champions and prove to the world that they are indeed the best among all the cricket world cup teams?

The Third World Debt Crisis – “the Fault of the Developing Countries or “irresponsible Lending” by the Western Financial Banking Institution?”

HITESH PATEL asked:

1. Introduction

The debt crisis and loan defaults have been a constant feature of the global economy, the present size of the world debt problem overwhelms the imagination. It is clear that the countries in the Third World are in an inherently disadvantageous position. As primary exporters, they are at the mercy of price and demand fluctuations in international markets. These fluctuations are beyond the sellers’ control as they reflect the economic health of client industries in the West.

The total world debt soared from approximately $100 billion in the early 1970s to nearly $900 billion dollars by the mid-1980s. Time Magazine stated, “Never in history have so many nations owed so much money with so little promise of repayment” .

This paper will explain the “origins” of the debt crisis problem and re-assess in detail the causes of the debt problem, and question whether the Third World Debt Crisis was a crisis of debt (i.e. the fault of the developing countries) or of credit (i.e. irresponsible lending by banks).

2. The “origins” of the Debt Crisis problem

There are so many books and articles that provide detailed descriptions to the origins of the debt problem . However in my opinion, the global debt problem stems from two periods:

• In particular, the forces dating to the mid-1970s, and the first oil price shock (1973-74)

• The beginning of the Reagan Administration

2. (A). The mid-1970s and the first oil price shock

The period 1974-80, played a huge part to the debt crisis, which can summarised as follows:

Firstly the most important oil-exporting countries, (not being able to utilise domestically the vast financial surpluses generated by oil price increases), made huge deposits in various financial institutions.

Secondly, at the same time, a good number of middle and high income oil exporting nations (especially those with a higher degree of industrialisation) decided to accelerate their rates of economic growth, not withstanding the increase in oil prices. That policy contrasted sharply with the “stagflation” situation prevailing in the OECD countries.

Thirdly, in order to carry out their economic expansion policies, many developing countries requested huge loans from OECD commercial banks, (in the form of Euro-dollars ), so they are able to make massive imports of all kinds of goods, (apart from oil: in particular chemical products, foodstuffs and capital goods).

Following upon this point, the OECD banks, with great liquidity and a weak domestic demand for funds started a wild competition to export capital to the more dynamic of the less-developed countries (LDC). This is a very critical moment, as for that very moment, the LDCs decided to apply to the international private banking system to obtain the money required to implement their expansive economic policies.

Finally, in order to decrease the risks of those operations, the international private banks, decided to “change the terms and conditions of the loans” shifting from the fixed of interest that had prevailed until then, to variable rates. The borrowing nations accepted such changes under the influence of the aggressive marketing techniques employed by the banks. This included attractive offers that appeared to be to the borrowing nation’s benefit, without realising the grave harm that they would suffer in the future. What appeared in the beginning appeared as a mere technical innovation that came to be a real trap, since any increase in the interest rate would apply to the total outstanding debt.

2. (B). The Reagan Administration

The second period started shortly after the Reagan Administration in the USA (January 1981). During this period, the situation of the mid-1970s changed completely. Alongside a world economic recession, inflation became increasingly intense in the US and other industrial nations, and rates of interest escalated. The economic recession in the central nations caused a sharp drop in prices of raw materials exported by Third World countries. This was precisely the moment, when the financial charges, due to interest payments became heavier, and when the flow of fresh capital to the Third World began to decrease.

Such was the case in Autumn 1982: Mexico was an oil exporter, (or was at least self-sufficient), declared that it could not repay its debts, and the crisis in Mexico caused the full attention of the entire industrial nations. The crisis became universal, and was followed by 30 other Latin American countries in 1983, (including Brazil and Argentina ). Latin American countries had to compress their imports in order to be able to continue paying their debt services, and for the first time, Latin America became an important “net capital exporter”.

The extreme problem in 1982 derived primarily from the effects of global recession from 1980 to 1982, combined with hostile mental shocks to credit markets caused by events in individual countries. To a traditional economist: “the problem is a consequence of the development from inflation to dis-inflation in the world economy. Funds that were borrowed when inflation was high, and real interest rates were low or negative, are no longer cheap in an environment of lower inflation and high interest rates”.

3. The causes of the Debt Crisis problem

Having examined the growth of debt during the 1970s, and having looked at the circumstances which led to crises for Latin Countries (Mexico in particular) during the early 1980s, the next question to be answered is “why did the debt grow so fast in the 1970s?”

3. (A) The rise in oil prices

One of the most important causes of debt growth was the rise in oil prices in 1973-4 and 1979-80. only a few debtor countries, such as Mexico, Indonesia, Venezuela and Ecuador, benefited from the rise in oil prices. The table below, shows the difference between what was paid for oil and what would have been paid for oil, had its price not increased more than the US inflation rate.

Impact of oil prices on the debt of non-oil developing countries

1973-1982 (billions of US dollars)

YEAR A B A-B

1973 4.8 4.8 0.0

1974 16.1 5.3 10.8

1975 17.3 5.7 11.6

1976 21.3 6.8 14.5

1977 23.8 7.5 16.3

1978 26.0 8.6 17.4

1979 39.0 10.9 28.1

1980 63.2 11.9 51.3

1981 66.7 12.1 54.6

1982 66.7 11.9 54.8

TOTAL 344.9 85.5 259.5

A= Actual cost of oil

B= Cost of oil if its price has not increased beyond US inflation rate

C= Additional cost of oil

The additional increasing cost of oil over the decade was therefore $260 billion. This massive transfer of resources between Third World countries could not have taken place without equally massive borrowing from Western banks.

3. (B) The Western Banks

The Western commercial banks would also have to take some of the blame and were only too happy to lend to sovereign states whose export performance looked promising. Such lending was more profitable than lending in the developed First World markets. The Third World was regarded as a growth area for new lending by Western banks.

The almost unlimited availability of bank loans very often persuaded a process of de-industrialisation. Increased debt led to increased interest payments, which (if the loans were not properly invested), led to further loans. Through these changes, many Third World countries became more vulnerable to developments in the world economy.

If this argument is taken into account, then the Western commercial banks themselves are responsible, for five reasons:

(i). The banks believed that countries could not go bankrupt, and that no real insolvency crisis could occur.

(ii). Many of the loans were organised through a syndicates of banks, and many of the participating banks felt no need for their own “risk assessments”.

(iii). Competition for a share of the market transformed many banks into virtual “loan-pushers”. The two main players being City Bank (US) and Natwest Bank (UK).

(iv). Lending at variable interest rates allowed the banks to transfer the risk associated with inflation to the borrowers.

(v). The absence of effective regulatory bodies in the international financial market made it easier for banks to follow their own short-term interests and instincts in their lending policy, and to ignore the medium and long term effects of their actions.

It must be remembered that in the financial business of lending money, loans are an element of a huge commercial market, where banks struggle for a share of the market. This is socially constructed capitalism in practice.

The intention of lending money to the Third World was a “new concept”, where banks relied on a “handful of simple credit-worthiness indicators”, that were not helpful in forecasting the likelihood of the crisis. Some banks even began to push their customers to accept higher loans, by offering customers more money than they had asked for, and by easing their credit conditions.

Another point to note, is that, the banks also needed to buy time to strengthen their capital base. Banks began to accept the rolling over of debts , the re-scheduling of debt repayments, and the supplying of new money. While agreeing to delay in the repayments of the loans, the banks opposed any reduction in the interest of the loans.

This was the structural weakness of the financial system. Once committed, it was practically impossible for banks to withdraw from the market.

3. (C) Interest Rates and Recession

If higher oil prices set the stage for a heavy debt burden for many countries in the 1970s, the global recession and high interest rates of 1980-82 added sufficiently to the burden indiscreetly.

Borrowers became accustomed to low real interest rates in the 1970s, it made sense to borrow in such conditions. In 1979-80, nominal interest rates were high, (LIBOR – London Interbank Offered rate – averaged 13.2%). Approximately two-thirds of developing country debt is indexed to LIBOR .

However, by 1981-82, inflation fell sharply, but nominal interest rates remained high. This meant very high real interest rates of 7.5% in 1981 and 11% in 1982. It did not make sense to borrow in such conditions, but by then most non-oil developing countries had no choice in the matter. They had to borrow more in order to pay-off old debts, and the interest rates had an immediate effect on debt growth.

Instead in an effort to reduce inflation, some Western Governments increased interest rates and adopted tight fiscal policies. The non-oil developing countries paid the price of that interest rise in 1981-82. For debtors, inflation is a good thing, as it erodes the debt they have to pay off. For creditors, who wanted to reduce inflation, increased interest rates were a worth-while price to pay for lower inflation.

The problem of this policy, was that higher interest rates tended to aggravate the world recession, that began in the 1979-80period. Growth rates in the OECD countries fell from an average of 3.2% during the 1973-9 period, to an average of 1.2% during 1980-81 periods. Falling demand in the OECD countries, especially for primary commodities, was responsible for a fall in export values. Demand for primary commodities is generally inelastic, and one reason being that there was already a surplus capacity in the OECD.

3. (D) The Domestic Policies of the Third World Countries

I must admit that, not all of the blame of the debt crisis should fall on the burden of the Western financial banks. Some blame has to go to the developing countries themselves. Domestic policy errors contributed to the deterioration of the debt situation.

In Mexico, for example, the government allowed the “Peso” to become seriously overvalued, and allowed budget deficits to surge to 16.5% of GNP in 1982, when the presidential election made authorities reluctant to carry out effective budget-cutting measures. The government stuck to a strategy of high growth (8.2% annual growth in 1978-81). The strategy was based on the assumption that oil prices will always keep rising. That probably exceeded capacity growth and failed to take adequate account of the substantial weakening of the oil market in 1981 .

In Brazil, domestic adjustment policies were stronger and indeed contributed to a severe recession that began in 1981 and continued into 1983. Even so, Brazil’s domestic policies bear substantial responsibility for the eventual crisis in 1982. Throughout the 1970s, after the oil shock, Brazil consciously followed a high-risk strategy of pursuing high growth rate based on rapid accumulation of external debt. The resulting legacy of large debt proved to be an oppressive burden when the international economy weakened and exports declined instead of continuing their earlier rapid growth . Matters were made worse by overvaluation the “Cruzeiro” after an ill-fated attempt to bring down domestic inflation by placing a 40% ceiling of devaluation in 1980. nevertheless, in 1981, the government was taking adjustment measures and was considered by the international financial community to be managing the economy well.

In Venezuela and Mexico, policies led to large capital flight abroad. The basic defect was maintenance of an overvalued exchange rate on a fully convertible basis, combined with domestic interest rate policy that failed to provide sufficient attraction to retail capital domestically. As a consequence, in 1982, the decline in Venezuela’s official external assets reached over $8 billion, although on current account its deficit was only $2.2 billion .

Similarly, in Mexico, errors and omissions showed outflows of $8.4 billion in 1981 and $6.6 billion in 1982, and short term capital outflows added $2.1 billion in 1982, for total capital flight of $17 billion . This is almost as much as Mexico had borrowed in the same period.

In Argentina, in 1980 and 1981, errors and omissions and short-term capital outflows registered total capital flight of $11.2 billion. To make things worse, Argentina had a very ineffective stabilisation policy with the collapse of the “Peso”, and extremely high inflation in 1981.

The hostile shock of the credit markets from the Falklands did not help! As this was associated with the mutual freeze of assets, between the United Kingdom and Argentina . Thus, the capital flight has contributed to nearly one-third of total debt in Argentina.

Another problem, with the Third World countries was their long-term development strategies. Such strategies included :

(i). Excessive protection in programs of industrialisation based on import substitution.

(ii). Inadequate pricing of capital

(iii) Over pricing of labour

(iv). Overly ambitious and ineffective development in many developing countries.

The damaging pressures from the global economy have made it more essential that distortions in basic development strategies be corrected. Such long-term developments strategies consequently made their goods less competitive on world markets.

A further problem was the growing reliance on short-term debts. This was very prevalent in Brazil, Mexico, Argentina and Venezuela. In 1982 :

• Brazil’s short-term debt stood at $21.3 billion, (total debt to banks $62.7 billion)

• Mexico’s short-term debt stood at $31.2 billion, (total debt to banks $62.7 billion)

• Argentina’s short-term debt stood at $13.5 billion, (total debt to banks 25.5 billion)

• Venezuela’s short-term debt stood at $15.3 billion, (total debt to banks $26.7 billion)

Over 50% of Mexican and Venezuelan debts to Western banks had maturities of one year or less. The assumption was that such short-term debt facilities would be always available: ye another incorrect assumption.

4. Conclusion

The global debt problem that has emerged in many developing countries in 1982, can be traced to higher oil prices in 1973-74 and 1979-80, high interest rates in 1980-82, declining export prices and volumes associated with global recession 1981-2, and with problems of domestic economic management.

The global debt problem has grown to large dimensions, and in 1981-82 that growth outpaced the growth of exports that sustain the debt. Due to the magnitude of this debt, and the widespread evidence of debt-servicing difficulties, the debt problem currently poses a considerable risk to the security of the international financial system. As, the debt crisis is likely to continue, and be an obstacle on the growth of international trade through lower exports, investment and employment.

ENDNOTES

Time Magazine, 10 January 1984, p42

Robert Gilpin, The Political Economy of International Relations, Prince town University Press, 1987, p317-185

The Economist, Is Anybody Paying, 14 March 1987.

Hitesh Patel has written many articles on the Euro-Dollar market. Further details can be obtained at: http://www.canopychannel.com/index.cfm/fa/member.detail/Customer_ID/358

Mario Marcel and Gabriel Palma, The Debt Crisis: the Third World and the British Banks, Fabian Society, Series number 350, May 1987, p1

IMF, World Economic Outlook and International Finance Statistics (Various issues) at the British Library

Mario Marcel and Gabriel Palma, The Debt Crises: The Third World and the British Banks, Fabian Society, Series number 350. May 1987

IMF International Financial Statistics Yearbook, 1982

William R Cline, “Mexico’s Crisis, The World’s Peril”, Foreign Policy, No 49 (Winter 1982-83), p 107-18

William R Cline, “Brazil’s Aggressive Response to External Shock”, World Inflation and the Developing Countries, William R Cline and Associates, (Washington: Brookings Institution, 1981), p102-35

UN Economic Commission for Latin America, Preliminary Balance of the Latin American Economy in 1982, Santiago, January 1983, p13

M.S. Mendelson, Commercial banks and the Restructuring of Cross-Border Debt, New york: Group of Thirty, 1983, p23

Banco De Mexico, Informe Annual, Mexico City, 1982, p230

IMF, International Financial Statistics, May 1983, p68

Word bank, World Development Report 1983, Part II, Washington, 1983

(Short-term debt data, by country): American Express International banking Corporation, International debt: Banks and the LDCs, AMEX Bank review Special Paper No 10, London (American Express International Banking Corporation), 1984.

Cricket World Cup is the Mother of All Tournaments!

Ella Wilson asked:

Cricket world cup is one of the most keenly awaited tournaments in the field of cricket. The Ashes and India-Pakistan series are no doubt very much awaited by fans, but at the end of the day World Cup Cricket is about the participation of all the test playing nations of the world and this is a much bigger platform indeed for teams and players to prove their talent and potential. Cricket world cup take place once every four years and this is another reason that makes the event all the more interesting and fascinating among fans. The next edition of the world cup will be held in the year 2007, in the West Indies.

The Cricket World Cup 2007 promises to be interesting to fans for many reasons. First for many leading international players, this may well be their last world cup appearance. So veterans like Glen Mc Grath, Mathew Hayden of Australia, Anil Kumble and VVS Laxman of India (if they make it to the world cup team) will give it their best shot, so that they can leave the field on a high. Right now there are no single contenders to the title, but on merit and paper as well Australia appears to be the most solid team to win the tournament. Well many things can be talked about and predicted, but we will all have to wait for world cup 2007, to actually see how teams will fare on the field.

The last cricket world cup held in the year 2003, in South Africa was won by Australia after they beat India comprehensively in the finals. Overcoming a poor start in the 2003 cricket world cup, India went on a spree of remaining unbeaten for several matches before being eventually beaten in the finals by Australia. Australia on the other hand had a great beginning to the last cricket world cup and had an equally wonderful end to the tournament. As someone has rightly said, it does not get bigger then the cricket world cup for a player to showcase his talent and potential.

All major teams of the world have begun preparing for the cricket world cup and most of them are doing it in their own unique style. Most teams are taking part in one tournament or the other to keep their team members in touch with the game. Some players are fighting against time to become fit and take part in the cricket world cup. This is the biggest event in the life of any cricketer and excelling during this tournament is what they always aim for. Of course first of all they must find a place in the world cup squad. Getting a place in the squad of cricket world cup is not so easy. All players must prove that they are really worthy to be a part of the team and only then will they be selected.

It does not matter if a player has performed brilliantly in the past, but is right now woefully out of from. Past performance is not the thing that will take a team to victory, so selectors have to take special care of this. All selection of the team for the cricket world cup squad must be done strictly on the basis of merit.

Cricket World Cup 2007, the Most Eagerly Awaited Event

Ella Wilson asked:

World cup is the most prestigious tournament in the cricketing world for players, officials, administrators and, of course, the fans. This year the tournament will be held in the month of March in the Caribbean Island of West Indies. Cricket World cup, which is organized by the ICC or International Cricket Council, is held after every four years to find out the team that is the best. Like any other game, players who play cricket also dream of being the best in the world. The only way for them to become world champion is to beat all the strong teams in the world cup. Cricket world cup 2007 promises to be an exciting event, because players will perform to the best of their abilities.

In the cricket world cup 2007, all test playing teams along with some minnows will compete with each other in their quest to become the best cricket team in the world. This time also the reigning world champions, Australia are considered to be the top contender for the title. In the run up to the world cup, Australia has lost many games to England and New Zealand, but cricket is a strange game and things can turn in any direction at anytime. Though the Australian team has lost some of the confidence going to the cricket world cup 2007, yet one can expect the unexpected from the team. After all they have been world champions since the last two world cup tournament, and they must surely have something in them to be so. They could even end up being the world champions in cricket world cup 2007.

Cricket World Cup 2007 is the one tournament that all fans and players are looking forward to. Fans that are crazy about the game are already planning out their schedules in such a manner that they do not lose out on watching a single match of their favorite team. After all it is not everyday, that they can see their favorite players and team in action. Some fans have in fact made arrangements to go to the West Indies and cheer their team in the Cricket World Cup 2007. For their being on the field and cheering their team is the best way by which they can show their support to the team. All fans are going to the West Indies with the hope that their team becomes the world champion in cricket world cup 2007. They have a feeling that they must be present there, if their team wins the tournament and celebrate with them.

West Indies has made elaborate arrangements to host all the teams which will be participating in the event. Many new stadiums have been constructed for this purpose. Some of the stadiums meant to host cricket world cup 2007 have been constructed with the monetary aid provided by other countries that play cricket in the international level. Cricket world cup 2007 is a very important event and everyone is trying their best to be a part and parcel of this wonderful event in their own way. The only thing that all teams will aim for during the event is to show their best on the field and capture the title of world champions.

Icc Cricket World Cup 2007 is not Something to be Missed Out

Ella Wilson asked:

World cup is one such tournament that cannot be missed. It is the thrill, excitement and flow of emotions that one get to see in this series. Cricket world cup comes after every four years and is quite important in any cricketer’s life. The reason behind this importance is that world cup tournament gives the title of being world champions to a particular team, who displays extraordinary performance level. It is International Cricket council or ICC that organizes the world cup event after every four years. Cricket world cup has a glorious past that witnessed some of the most memorable moments and legendary performances by players. As far as the world cup history is concerned, first three world cup tournaments were called Prudential Cup, as they were sponsored by prudential plc.

icc world cup 2007 has a special in the history of West Indies. It is because West Indies is hosting this big event for the first time ever and are making preparations well in advance. Since the world cup tournament came into existence, eight world cups have been held so far. And this time, it is the turn of the West Indies to host this 9th world cup. ICC cricket world cup 2007 is starting from 13th March and will end on 28th April, 2007. The information related to this big event is all the more necessary for fans to know, so that they can make changes in their daily schedule or make adjustments in order to watch important matches.

Since the information on world cup tournament is out, cricket fans would be searching here and there for information related to this. First and the foremost thing that they would require is ICC cricket world cup 2007 schedule. With the help of world cup schedule, fans would be able to know the venues that are selected to host the world cup matches. Along with venues, they would also be able to know about the dates on which the matches will be held. Apart from both these information through world cup schedule, cricket fanatics will surely come to know about the details of teams participating in the tournament and their members too.

As the ICC cricket world cup 2007 is approaching, lost of questions and queries have been cropping in the mind of people. Talks are out that will it be possible for Australia to win the world cup third time in a row and make a hat trick or any other contender would snatch away this opportunity from their hands. Some of the cricket fans say that West Indies should really work hard, so that they can win the world cup. Others also say that it is the matter of reputation for West Indies, as they are hosting the world cup tournament for the first time. Every other country is trying to do something or the other for boosting the morale of their players, so that they can perform well in ICC cricket world cup 2007.

In the ICC cricket world cup 2007, 16 teams are participating this time as compared to 12 teams in the last world cup. So, it makes this an even bigger event for all the teams. As the world cup is about to come, West Indies have made many stadiums for hosting matches. With all this, they have also come up for advertising their destinations for enhancing tourism opportunities.

Cricket World Cup 2007 Should not be Missed at Any Cost

Ella Wilson asked:

World cup is one of the most important tournaments for all the teams. In the history of cricket world, this tournament gives the title of being world champions to a particular team. It is this reason that all the teams participating in this tournament keeps on practicing and polishing their batting or bowling or fielding skills. After all, it is their sharpened skills and efforts that will give them positive results. Since the world cup tournament started, eight tournaments have been played so far. Cricket World Cup 2007 is the ninth tournament in this race and West Indies is going to host it. Lots of preparations have been made by this Caribbean country for giving a wonderful experience as gift to all participating nations.

As West Indies is hosting the cricket world cup tournament for the first time, it becomes a matter of prestige and reputation for them to give their best performance and win the cup. It is for this reason that cricket world cup 2007 has become even more interesting. The tournament will begin from March 13th and the first match will be held between the host nation and Pakistan. Whenever the world cup tournament comes, the excitement and keen desire to watch some memorable performances is all the more increased. It is because of this enthusiasm that fans try to have access to some or the other kind of medium that can give them upgraded information on all the aspects related to world cup.

Now that cricket world cup 2007 is about to start after few days, talks are out that who has the better chances of winning world cup this time. Is it that Australian team will be successful in hitting a hat trick or India will walk away with the trophy? Some people are also saying that as West Indies is hosting the world cup tournament for the first time, it becomes essential to show their best performance and win the tournament. Cricket world cup 2007 has given rise to a huge number of questions in the fans’ mind. Well, everything depends on the kind of performance level that the teams would be displaying.

Cricket world cup 2007 is one tournament that no cricket fan can manage to miss at any cost. The forthcoming world cup tournament includes 16 teams, along with some that are participating for the first time such as Bermuda and Ireland. Though, these teams will have to face tough competition from the others that have an edge over them in playing world cup tournaments before; still they will be able to experience the strategies adopted by other countries. Cricket world cup 2007 is an important tournament and fans start adjusting their scheduled much before the event starts. After all, their favorite team or player would be playing and it becomes mandatory for them to watch their performance.

Every other country is coming out with newer schemes and plans to support their players and boost their morale. Along with this, advertisements have been released in order to popularize various detonations in West Indies as tourist sports. Cricket world cup 2007 has given a golden opportunity to West Indies for highlighting one of their best places as tourist spots, so that more and more people can come and visit them.

World Cup Records are a Challenge for Players

Ella Wilson asked:

Many world cup records are at stake and could be broken during this world cup which will be held in West Indies in the month of March. Records, they say are always broken by someone or the other. It is just a matter of time before someone overtakes one world cup records or another. World cup records are mostly sought after by fans that are crazy about the game. For them, this is the only source through which they can know what world cup records their favorite player or team is capable of making or breaking during the world cup tournament. Fans always believe that their favorite player or team is capable of breaking even the best world cup record which has not been broken till date.

World cup records state that the first three world cup tournaments were held in England. At that point of time, the organizers felt that England was the best equipped country to host the event. In those days only, a few selected countries used to take part in the tournament and the event did not use to last as long as it does these days. The game had not spread through out the world, so there was not much coverage about the event in the media as well. Gradually, the game became popular and today one can find cricket fans in all corners of the world. For fans, those who are very statistically inclined, world cup records are vital parameters for gauging how well their team and favorite players can do in the tournament.

There are several sources from which one can come to know about all the world cup records. Online websites are the best as they are the most hassle free means through which one can come to know all that they want to know about world cup records. Sites that are dedicated to cricket have all the information about all the aspects related to world cup records. So it is not only about bowling and batting records that fans can know, but they can also know about many other elements like if any host has ever won a world cup title or not. One can also come to know if any team has won the cup more then once, or if a particular country has ever won the title or not.

World cup records state that Australia has won the world cup three times, while West Indies have done it twice. It will be interesting to see if any test playing team can break this world cup record and set a new one. Many other records like the highest number of runs scored by an individual player and the wickets taken by an individual bowler can also be at stake. All the players will have to play exceptionally well to get past those records or any other world cup records. Players and teams will want to play very well during the tournament so that they can try and overtake some of these world cup records. Well, only time can tell how successful someone will be in this.